In most industries, service providers boast about five nines availability — 99.999%. That sounds impressive: just five minutes of downtime per year. But DNS isn’t like most industries. For top-level domains, downtime is not acceptable. If a registry goes dark, hospitals, banking systems, and e-commerce all go offline with

For years, a European TLD ran their DNSSEC toolchain without incident. Everything “just worked.” Updates were rare, and no one touched the setup. Then their only DNSSEC expert left. What looked like stability turned out to be fragility. The system wasn’t resilient — it was dependent on one person’s